Manipulating overstory density and mineral soil exposure for optimal natural regeneration of Scots pine

In northern boreal region the growth of forests is slow, and yield profit are low, which why low reforestation costs important for profitable forestry. If natural regeneration successful, expensive artificial forest (planting or direct seeding) can be avoided. this study, we look at impact overstory density site preparation on seedling Scots pine. Study stands were established in different parts Northern Finland each stand following treatments: 50, 150 250 trees ha−1 unthinned control, where was ≥ ha−1, randomly allocated to experimental plots. addition, (disc trenching, 4000–5000 m ha−1) carried out two plots tree either 50 ha−1. number, age monitored 11 years. Monitoring revealed that number seedlings increased with decreasing density. Average height very even non-existent control densest (250 treatment, but when decreased. The highest achieved soil prepared expose mineral soil. Achieving e.g. 2000 would need about 40% exposition required implies not only seed supply from success pine also reduction competition by mature trees.